Working with Data Types

let integerLiteral = 42
let int8Value: Int8 = 127
let int32Value: Int32 = 2_147_483_647
let uintValue: UInt = 1000

let int16Value: Int16 = 32767
let int32Value: Int32 = Int32(int16Value) // Explicit cast
let int64Value: Int64 = 9223372036854775807
let uintValue: UInt = UInt(int64Value)

let red: UInt8 = 255
let green: UInt8 = 128
let blue: UInt8 = 0

let color = (red: red, green: green, blue: blue)
print("Color: R=\(color.red), G=\(color.green), B=\(color.blue)")

let signedValue: Int = -5
let unsignedValue: UInt = UInt(signedValue) // Result: 4294967291 (if Int is 32-bit)
print("Converted value: \(unsignedValue)")

let pi: Float = 3.14159
let radius: Float = 5.0
let area = pi * radius * radius
print("Area: \\(area)")

let gravitationalConstant: Double = 6.67430e-11
let mass1: Double = 5.972e24
let mass2: Double = 7.348e22
let distance: Double = 3.844e8
let force = gravitationalConstant * (mass1 * mass2) / (distance * distance)
print("Gravitational Force: \\(force)")

let a = true
let b = false
let andResult = a && b
let orResult = a || b
let notResult = !a

let hasPermission = true
if hasPermission {
    print("Access granted")
} else {
    print("Access denied")
}

let name = "Alice"
let age = 30
let message = "Hello, I'm \(name) and I am \(age) years old."

let first = "Swift"
let second = "Programming"
let combined = first + " " + second

let text = "Hello, Swift!"
let firstChar = text[..<text.index(text.startIndex, offsetBy: 1)]
let lastChar = text[text.index(text.endIndex, offsetBy: -1)...]

let price = 12.34
let formatted = String(format: "Price: $%.2f", price)

let emoji = "🚀 Swift 🌍"
print(emoji.count) // Counts grapheme clusters, not bytes
let firstGrapheme = emoji[emoji.startIndex]
let lastGrapheme = emoji[emoji.index(emoji.endIndex, offsetBy: -1)]

typealias Age = Int
typealias Name = String
typealias PersonInfo = (name: Name, age: Age)

let person: PersonInfo = (name: "Alice", age: 30)
print("Name: \(person.name), Age: \(person.age)")

func calculateArea(width: Double, height: Double) -> Double {
    return width * height
}

let intWidth = 10
let intHeight = 5
let area = calculateArea(width: Double(intWidth), height: Double(intHeight))
print("Area is \(area)") // Prints "Area is 50.0"

let number = 42
let type = type(of: number)
print(type) // Int.self

let text = "Hello"
let type2 = type(of: text)
print(type2) // String.self

let value: Any = "Swift"
if value is String {
    print("It's a string")
} else {
    print("Not a string")
}

let values: [Any] = [1, "two", 3.0]
for value in values {
    if let str = value as? String {
        print("Found string: \\(str)")
    } else if let num = value as? Int {
        print("Found int: \\(num)")
    }
}

let values: [Any] = [42, "Hello", true, 3.14]

class MyClass { var value = 10 }
let instances: [AnyObject] = [MyClass(), MyClass()]
let firstInstance = instances[0] as! MyClass

var a = 10
var b = a
b = 20
print(a) // Output: 10
print(b) // Output: 20

class Person {
    var name: String
    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }
}

var person1 = Person(name: "Alice")
var person2 = person1
person2.name = "Bob"
print(person1.name) // Output: Bob
print(person2.name) // Output: Bob

let integerLiteral = 42
let floatLiteral = 3.14
let binaryLiteral = 0b1010
let octalLiteral = 0o755
let hexLiteral = 0xFF

print(integerLiteral) // 42
print(floatLiteral)   // 3.14
print(binaryLiteral)  // 10
print(octalLiteral)   // 493
print(hexLiteral)     // 255