Working with Kotlin Data Types

fun main() {
    val byteValue: Byte = 100
    val shortValue: Short = 2000
    val intValue: Int = 100000
    val longValue: Long = 9000000000L
    val floatValue: Float = 3.14f
    val doubleValue: Double = 2.71828
    val charValue: Char = 'A'
    val booleanValue: Boolean = true

    println("Byte: $byteValue")
    println("Short: $shortValue")
    println("Int: $intValue")
    println("Long: $longValue")
    println("Float: $floatValue")
    println("Double: $doubleValue")
    println("Char: $charValue")
    println("Boolean: $booleanValue")
}

val greeting = "Hello"
val name = "Kotlin"
val message = greeting + " " + name + "!"
println(message) // Output: Hello Kotlin!

val language = "Kotlin"
val version = "1.9"
val message = "Welcome to $language version $version!"
println(message) // Output: Welcome to Kotlin version 1.9!

val multiline = """
    This is a
    multiline string
    in Kotlin
""".trimIndent()
println(multiline)

val text = "Kotlin Programming"
val upperText = text.toUpperCase()
val reversedText = text.reversed()
val wordCount = text.split(" ").size
println(upperText) // Output: KOTLIN PROGRAMMING
println(reversedText) // Output: gnimmarorp nitoK
println(wordCount) // Output: 2

fun safeByteToInt(byteValue: Byte): Int {
    return byteValue.toInt()
}

fun safeIntToShort(intValue: Int): Short {
    if (intValue !in Short.MIN_VALUE.toInt()..Short.MAX_VALUE.toInt()) {
        throw IllegalArgumentException("Value out of short range")
    }
    return intValue.toShort()
}

val byteVal: Byte = 100
val intVal: Int = safeByteToInt(byteVal)
println(intVal) // 100

val intFromRange: Int = 32767
val shortVal: Short = safeIntToShort(intFromRange)
println(shortVal) // 32767

val numbers = arrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
val strings = arrayOf("hello", "world")
val emptyArray = Array(3) { "" }

val mutableNumbers = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)
mutableNumbers.add(4) // Append element
mutableNumbers[0] = 10 // Modify element at index
mutableNumbers.removeAt(1) // Remove element at index

val numbers = arrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
val doubled = numbers.map { it * 2 }
val filtered = numbers.filter { it > 2 }
val sum = numbers.reduce { acc, num -> acc + num }

fun main() {
    val user: User? = null
    val email = user?.email // Returns null if user is null
    println(email) // Prints: null
}

fun main() {
    val user: User? = null
    val email = user?.email ?: "No email provided"
    println(email) // Prints: No email provided
}

for (i in 1..5) {
    println(i)
}
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// 4
// 5

val range = 1..10
println(5 in range) // true
println(15 in range) // false

val charRange = 'A'..'Z'
println('M' in charRange) // true

fun throwError(): Nothing {
    throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid input")
}

fun infiniteLoop(): Nothing {
    while (true) {
        // Loop forever
    }
}

fun processAny(value: Any) {
    when (value) {
        is String -> println("String length: ${value.length}")
        is Int -> println("Integer value: $value")
        else -> println("Unknown type")
    }
}

val list = listOf("Hello", 42, true)
list.forEach { processAny(it) }

fun printMessage(msg: String): Unit {
    println("Message: $msg")
}

// Equivalent to:
fun printMessageAlt(msg: String) {
    println("Message: $msg")
}

printMessage("Hello World")

val person = Pair("Alice", 30)
println(person.first)  // Alice
println(person.second) // 30

val coordinates = Triple(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)
println(coordinates.first)   // 10.0
println(coordinates.second)  // 20.0
println(coordinates.third)   // 30.0

val (name, age) = Pair("Bob", 25)
val (x, y, z) = Triple(1, 2, 3)

println("$name is $age years old") // Bob is 25 years old
println("Coordinates: ($x, $y, $z)") // Coordinates: (1, 2, 3)

fun getCoordinates(): Pair<Double, Double> {
    return Pair(10.5, 20.3)
}

fun getRGB(): Triple<Int, Int, Int> {
    return Triple(255, 128, 0)
}

val (lat, lng) = getCoordinates()
val (r, g, b) = getRGB()

println("Lat: $lat, Lng: $lng") // Lat: 10.5, Lng: 20.3
println("R: $r, G: $g, B: $b") // R: 255, G: 128, B: 0

val obj: Any = "Hello"
val str: String? = obj as? String
println(str) // Hello

val num: Int? = obj as? Int
println(num) // null

val isString = obj is String
println(isString) // true